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BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is known to be associated with a range of adverse outcomes, which have an impact atthe societal level and are therefore of public concern. AIMS: To examine the epidemiology and methods for measuring six adverse outcomes in schizophrenia: violence, victimisation, suicide/self-harm, substance use, homelessness and unemployment. METHOD: A review ofthe literature was carried out for each adverse outcome, with attention to critical appraisal of existing measurement tools. RESULTS: Schizophrenia is associated strongly with all six outcomes, although research has mainly focused on violence. Each outcome acts as a risk factor for at least some of the other outcomes. There are few standardised or validated measures for these 'hard' outcomes. Each measure has inherent biases but a growing trend is for these to be minimised by using multiple measures. CONCLUSIONS: A single instrument which systematically measures multiple societal outcomes of schizophrenia would be extremely useful for both clinical and research purposes.
Kooyman et al. (Tue,) studied this question.