Holonic (Holon Type) Engineering Vision: How man can build a sustainable human society (Summary)

An IntroductionThese days, there are many opinions based on the assumption that democracy and the market economy will have universal values.Democracy or the market economy is, however, no more than an option for an ultimate objective to achieve the maximum benefit of people of a nation, or all human beings.Such an option, which naturally differs in accordance with an entity to choose it, has no universal validity.It is true that such an option is considered to prevail over other alternatives, and, since its selection, it is now working actively in the course of history.Its appreciation is no doubt relative and never absolute at all.In history, no man has ever seen the perfect model of democracy or the market economy suitable for his final selection.This is no wonder, because democracy and the market economy are based on the "division of powers," which will exist only when each entity to employ such division has its own values different from those of others.In this view, the way of the United States of America, the supreme power at present, which takes its domestically selected democracy and the market economy as those like absolute truth, and drives other nations to follow them, is akin to totalitarianism rather than democracy.The assertion in economics that the market economy will produce the maximum social benefit is limited to such an instance, in which people deal with goods in terms of monetary value.While speaking up for a "free economy" and insisting on the open market of other nations, the United States behaves itself like a protectionist, insofar as intellectual property issue is concerned, where there is obvious contradiction, or simply so-called double standards.On the other hand, the enforcement of different values always and anywhere cannot allow human beings to coexist with others as social creatures in their own nations, much less with peoples of other nations in the world.This is why we need to share common values with other 1 社会科学論集 第 124 号 2008.3 Keyword: Occidental deductive ideas, Oriental inductive ideas, variety of