Total Secondary Metabolite Amounts and Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Hesperis isatidea (Boiss.) German and Al-Shehbaz Extracts

Objective: The present study comparatively assessed the anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts and their sub-extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Hesperis isatidea (Boiss.) German & Al-Shehbaz (=Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss.) for the first time.Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of H. isatidea were extracted by maceration in ethanol, and the solvent was removed by drying the resulting ethanol extract (HIE). This extract was suspended in water and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction using hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, yielding sub-extracts coded as HIH, HIC, HIEA, and HIW, respectively. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the DPPH/ABTS, α-glucosidase, and 5-lipoxygenase methods. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and triterpenoid contents of the samples were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl₃, and vanillin-glacial acetic acid-perchloric acid methods.Results: HIEA exhibited the strongest activity against ABTS, DPPH, and lipoxygenase with IC₅₀ values of 139.4, 90.12 and 0.90 μg/mL, respectively, while HIE (352.80 μg/mL) exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were the most abundant in HIW (79.69 and 19.12 mg/g), whereas the total triterpene content was the highest in HIH (19.71 mg/g).Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by H. isatidea. H. isatidea exhibits notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities.