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Gary W. Shugart, William C. Scharf, Francesca J. Cuthbert, Status and Reproductive Success of the Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) in the U.S. Great Lakes, Proceedings of the Colonial Waterbird Group, Vol. 2 (1979), pp. 146-156
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Shugart et al. (1979) studied this question.
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