Anodically grown TiO2 nanotubes have a double-walled structure. The two shells can either be separated or fused together using different thermal annealing treatments. The morphology is determined by the heating rate. Highly regular and robust TiO2 membranes can be obtained with a crystal structure that can be adjusted to an anatase or an anatase/rutile mixture.
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Albu et al. (2008) studied this question.
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