What We Can Learn from Invertebrate Learning

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 586 WHAT INVERTEBRATES LE RN 586 Physiologically Analyzed Learning Paradigms 587 Choice ofParadigms 588 LOCI OF FUNCTIONAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING 590 Aplysia 591 Crayfish ~..i 593 Hermissenda 595 Insects 596 lntrinsic Change or Extrinsic Modulation? 597 Parallel Distributed Processing? 598 THE FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION OF E GRAMS 599 Altered Ion Channels 599 Undefined Physiological Changes 600 Anatomical Change 600 THE INDUCTION OF NEURONAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING ......... 601 Initiation ofChange 601 Implementation of Change 610 MEMORY 613 CONCLUSIONS 614