New electron-deficient and soluble indenofluorene-based and bisindenofluorene-based ladder-type building blocks embedding carbonyl and dicyanovinylene functionalities were synthesized, and their optical and electrochemical properties were characterized. These derivatives exhibit optical band gaps of 1.83 to 2.44 eV and low LUMO energies of -3.24 to -4.30 eV, representing a promising new building block class for n-type polymeric electronic materials.
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Usta et al. (2008) studied this question.
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