Intrapopulation differences in biological traits and impacts in a highly invasive freshwater species

Individual variation assessments are essential to better understand population and community dynamics, as well ecosystem functioning. Although researchers have long recognized this aspect, only recently has evidence accumulated about the ecological importance of variation within species. The incorporation of individual variation provides an even more complete description of the effects a species may have on ecosystems and this detailed ecological knowledge can be especially important in the context of biological invasions. In this study, we used an invasion gradient of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in the Rabaçal River (NE Portugal) to assess possible intrapopulation differences in key biological traits and evaluate possible changes in ecological impacts. For this, we collected individuals from the core and front of an invasion gradient to characterize several traits such as abundance, size, sex-ratio, body condition, behaviour (i.e. boldness), and trophic niche. In addition, we performed two laboratory experiments to assess possible differences regarding the consumption of prey (gastropods), leaf mass loss, and nutrients release. Signal crayfish from the front of the invasion gradient have lower abundance, are larger, predominantly male, have better body condition in both sexes, exhibit increased boldness, and have higher δ 15 N and lower δ 13 C values. In addition, in experimental conditions, signal crayfish from the front of the invasion gradient consumed more gastropods and leaves and increased the concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the water. Overall, the signal crayfish has different biological traits and distinct ecological impacts along the invasion gradient in the studied river. Our study demonstrates the relevance of assessing biological traits and impacts of invasive species at the intrapopulation level.  Graphical abstract