Both a near-infrared (NIR) absorption band and enhanced NIR fluorescence are realized by Songnan Qu, Andrey L. Rogach, and co-workers, in article number 1705913, through surface engineering of carbon dots, exploiting electron-acceptor groups, namely molecules or polymers rich in sulfoxide/carbonyl groups. Twophoton-induced NIR emission and three-photon-induced red emission are simultaneously observed for carbon dots in dimethyl sulfoxide under excitation of a 1400 nm femtosecond pulse laser in the NIR-II window.
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Li et al. (2018) studied this question.