Teenage pregnancy, attachment style, and depression: A comparison of teenage and adult pregnant women in a Portuguese series

The aim of this Portuguese study is to compare the experience of pregnancy in teenage years and later adulthood and to examine insecure attachment style as a risk factor for depression during pregnancy. The Attachment Style Interview (ASI; Bifulco, Moran, Ball, & Bernazzani, 2002 Bifulco, A., Moran, P. M., Ball, C. and Bernazzani, O. 2002a. Adult attachment style I: Its relationship to clinical depression. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37: 50–59. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; Cox, Holden, & Sagovsky, 1987 Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M. and Sagovsky, R. 1987. Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150: 782–786. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) were administered to 66 pregnant adolescents and 64 adult women. Pregnant teenagers were found to be nearly three times more likely to have an insecure attachment style of Enmeshed, Angry-Dismissive, or Fearful style than adults, all at high levels of impairment (54% vs.19%, p < .02). Logistic regression showed, when all risk factors were entered, highly Enmeshed style and poor partner support provided the best model for depression with age at pregnancy no longer adding. Insecure attachment style should be addressed in prevention and intervention strategies with teenage mothers.