Radon in natural gas: a systematic review, CFD simulation, and health effects estimation

, with the highest concentrations detected in gas pipelines, followed by gas industries and gas wells. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations demonstrated that effective ventilation substantially reduces radon levels near the inhalation zone. This reduction translated into a lower annual effective lung dose, decreasing from 5.80E-02 to 6.70E-02, and a decline in estimated lung cancer incidence from 8.93E-07 to 9.85E-07. The findings highlight the critical importance of monitoring radon activity in indoor NG environments. The use of non-flued appliances, such as gas stoves, may exacerbate exposure risks, highlighting the necessity of adequate ventilation systems. Furthermore, public education and awareness campaigns are essential to mitigate inhalation risks and to promote strategies that minimize radon exposure in domestic settings.