Assessment and management of secondary cardiac complications of critically unwell cats and dogs

Background : Critically unwell dogs and cats commonly develop secondary cardiovascular complications, including fluid overload, pulmonary hypertension and myocardial dysfunction. Early recognition of these conditions is essential, as they can substantially worsen patient outcomes but are often under‐recognised in first‐opinion practice. Aim of the article : This article reviews the pathophysiology, recognition and practical management of these secondary cardiac complications, with an emphasis on bedside assessment and point‐of‐care ultrasound to support clinical decision‐making in critically ill patients.