Protein-free: A hydrogel containing phenylboronate was optimized so as to undergo rapid glucose-dependent changes in the state of hydration under physiological aqueous conditions. A localized dehydration of the gel surface to form a “skin layer” enabled control of the release of insulin from the gel. This dehydration is induced by fluctuations in the glucose concentration in the range between normo- and hyperglycemia.
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Matsumoto et al. (2011) studied this question.
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