Development in the context of electrification and the lithium industry: The view of the citizens of San Pedro de Atacama

• Most citizens do not oppose mining outright but see its impacts as largely negative. • Mining views are shaped by weak state presence and corporate influence. • Support for mining depends on economic and socio-environmental gains and impacts. • State absence and capital dominance have shifted justice priorities. • Views vary both within and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups. In the face of the climate emergency, lithium is seen as essential for the green transition. Yet, the voices of those living in lithium-rich regions have been excluded from discussions about the industry's role in their development. Drawing on socio-environmental justice literature, this study interviewed Indigenous and non-Indigenous citizens from San Pedro de Atacama in the "Lithium Triangle" region to explore their perspectives on lithium mining. While most do not oppose the industry outright, their support is conditional fundamentally on economic benefits. Despite generally negative views on mining’s impacts, many adopt a pragmatic stance, engaging with companies to secure tangible benefits amid deteriorating environmental conditions and social tensions leading to symbiotic relationships. Their responses reflect broader dynamics shaped by state neglect and corporate influence that shape the region’s path towards or away from socio-environmental justice.