Exact Ray Computations in a Tilted Ionosphere With No Magnetic Field

A set of formulas is derived giving exact expressions for group paths and ground distances to the impact points for rays propagated in an ionosphere eccentric to the earth. The eccentricity is measured in terms of a displacement, D . between the center of curvature and the center of the earth. Curves displaying layer tilts and layer height variations as functions of D are presented. Some sample results obtained with a “quasi‐parabolic” electron density model are given.