Nanocomposite-Based Insulation Systems: A Review of Materials and Techniques for High-Voltage Applications

Compared to conventional insulation materials, nanocomposite (NC)-based insulation systems represent novel progress in high voltage (HV) systems, offering superior electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This review comprehensively analyzes the materials and fabrication methods used to develop NC insulation systems with a well-defined application, such as energy storage devices, power transmission lines, transformers, and capacitors. Nanoparticles (NPs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, alumina, and boron nitride (BN) can enhance dielectric breakdown strength, mechanical robustness, and thermal conductivity. NCs offer reduced dielectric loss and adjustable permittivity, making them ideal candidates for energy storage and capacitive applications. However, some challenges remain in the large-scale fabrication of NC insulation systems. Cost considerations, controlling filler-matrix interactions, preventing nanoparticle agglomeration, achieving uniform nanoparticle dispersion within the polymer matrix, and scaling up production are key issues. Agglomeration, which leads to uneven nanoparticle distribution, negatively affects the material’s properties and performance, making it one of the major tasks to solve for improving NC systems. Developing biodegradable and recyclable NCs and exploring new nanomaterials are the future perspectives of hybrid insulation systems. This progress could result in more sustainable, multifunctional insulation materials and efficient systems for next-generation high-voltage applications. This review outlines both the current state and prospects of NC insulation systems in power systems.