Bacterial Genetics, Antibiotic Usage, and Public Policy: The Crucial Interplay in Emerging Resistance

Bacterial Genetics, Antibiotic Usage, and Public Policy:The Crucial Interplay in Emerging Resistance Thomas Fekete Thomas Fekete Section of Infectious Diseases, Temple University Health Sciences Center, 3401 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 References 1. NASH, J. M. Attack of the superbugs. Time 140:62-63, 1992. Google Scholar 2. SCHMIDT, K. F. The troubling ghosts of scourges past. U.S. News & World Report 113:70-71, 1992. Google Scholar 3. MARTIN, J. E.; LESTER, A.; and PRICE, E. V. Comparative study of gonococcal susceptibility to penicillin in the United Staes. J. Infect. Dis. 122:459-461, 1970. Google Scholar 4. OLSEN, G. A. Consumption of antibiotics in Greenland, 1964-1970. IV: Changes in the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 49:33-41, 1973. Google Scholar 5. KAM, K. M,; LAI, C. F.; EGGLESTONE, S.; and CHAN, C. B. Patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of gonococci isolated in Hong Kong, 1987-1990. Sex. Transmitt. Dis. 19:284-287, 1992. Google Scholar 6. COHEN, S. P.; YAN, W.; and LEVY, S. B. A multidrug resistance regulatory chromosomal locus is widespread among enteric bacteria. J. Infect. Dis. 168: 484-488, 1993. Google Scholar 7. O'BRIEN, T. F.; ACAR, J. F.; MEDEIROS, A. A.; et al. International comparison of prevalence of resistance to antibiotics. JAMA 239:1518-1523, 1978. Google Scholar 8. HUGHES, V. M., and DATTA, N. Conjugative plasmids in bacteria of the "pre-antibiotic" era. Nature 302:725-726, 1983. Google Scholar 9. MURRAY, B. E.; RENSIMER, E. R.; and DUPONT, H. L. Emergence of highlevel trimethoprim resistance in fecal Escherichia coli during oral administration of trimethoprim or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. New Eng. J. Med. 306:130-135, 1982. Google Scholar 10. BRUNTON, J.; CLARE, D.; and MEIER, M. A. Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance plasmids in Haemophilus species and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:713-724, 1986. Google Scholar 11. BRUMFITT, W., and HAMILTON-MILLER, J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. New Eng. J. Med. 320:1188-1196, 1989. Google Scholar 12. WESTH, H.; JARLOV, J. O.; KJERSEM, H.; and ROSDAHL, V. T. The disappearance of multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in Denmark: Changes in strains of the 83 A complex between 1969 and 1989. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:1186-1194, 1992. Google Scholar 13. HOLMBERG, S. D.; OSTERHOLM, M. T.; SENGER, K. A.; and COHEN, M. L. Drug-resistant salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials. New Eng. J. Med. 311:617-622, 1984. Google Scholar 14. HINSHAW, J. C., and FELDMAN, W. H. Streptomycin in treatment of clinical tuberculosis: A preliminary report. Proc. Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 20:313-318, 1945. Google Scholar 15. CORONADO, V. G.; BECK-SAGUE, C. M.; HUTTON, M. D.; et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an urban hospital: Epidemiologic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 168:1052-1055, 1993. Google Scholar 16. SMALL, P. M.; HOPEWELL, P. C.; SINGH, S. P.; et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco. New Eng. J. Med. 330:1703-1709, 1994. Google Scholar 17. FLEMING, A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of H. influenzae. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 10:226-236, 1929. Google Scholar 18. KIRBY, R. Evolutionary origin of the class A and class C β-lactamases. Mol. Evolution 34:345-350, 1992. Google Scholar 19. KELLY, J. A.; DIDERBERG, O.; CHARLIER, P.; et al On the origin of bacterial resistance to penicillin: Comparison of a β-lactamase and a penicillin target. Science 231:1429-1431, 1986. Google Scholar 20. MEDEIROS, A. A. β-lactamases. Br. Med. Bull. 40:18-27, 1984. Google Scholar 21. SUTCLIFFE, J. G. Nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 75:3737-3741, 1978. Google Scholar 22. SANDERS, C. C., and SANDERS, W...