Nonuniversal k−3 energy spectrum in stationary two-dimensional homogeneous turbulence

A spectral closure analysis and numerical simulations suggest that there may be a class of two-dimensional turbulence in which the energy spectrum E(k) scales with the wave number k like E(k)=Ak−3 in the enstrophy transfer range in accordance with the Kraichnan–Leith–Batchelor (KLB) spectrum, but the prefactor A is different from the KLB spectrum and depends in a nontrivial way on the flow conditions at large scales.