A convenient and easy-to-use protocol for the Z -selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes was developed, using ammonium formate as the hydrogen source and the easily prepared and commercially available, highly stable complex PdCl(η 3 -C 3 H 5 )(IMes) ( 1 ) as the (pre)catalyst. Combined with triphenyl posphine as an additional ligand, this system provides a robust catalytic synthetic method that shows little to no over-reduction or isomerization after full substrate conversion. The system allows the direct use of solvents and reagents, as received from the supplier without drying or purification, thus providing a practical method for semihydrogenation of a broad range of alkynes. The mechanism behind these high and enhanced selectivities was determined through a set of kinetic experiments.
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Drost et al. (2014) studied this question.