Innovative Approaches to Improving the Energy Efficiency of Ships: Analysis of Methods and Technologies

The maritime industry is entering a period of systemic transformation due to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to more energy-efficient technologies. International environmental standards stipulate such requirements and require not only technical changes, but also changes in approaches to ship design and operation. This study analyzes a range of engineering solutions that can significantly affect the fleet’s energy efficiency: from improving hull contours to introducing hybrid fuel systems and switching to alternative energy sources such as hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol. System modeling allowed us to assess the engines’ thermal characteristics and the dynamics of emissions under variable load conditions. The results showed that hydrogen has the greatest potential — it provides more than 55 % thermal efficiency and does not produce CO2. However, its widespread use is limited by storage, safety, and infrastructure issues. Ammonia, as a carbon-neutral fuel, is accompanied by significant NOx emissions, which require the use of appropriate neutralization systems. Methanol demonstrates an acceptable compromise between efficiency, emissions, and suitability for retrofitting existing ships. Hybrid systems based on hydrogen and methanol are particularly noteworthy: they have proven to be highly adaptable to changing operating conditions, providing a reliable balance between power and environmental friendliness. As a result, the paper outlines not just technical ways of modernization, but also forms a vision of an integrated approach to the energy transformation of the industry, based on digital models, scenario planning, and technical and environmental responsibility. Bibl. 49, Fig. 8, Tab. 2.