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The structural forms of load-carriers in nature, e.g., trees and bones, have evolved to assure the survival of a species. Structural optimization in nature can provide valuable guidance to engineers designing structures or components. Investigations have shown that the axiom of constant stress determines the structural design of biological load-carriers. Based on this axiom and using the finite element method, computer programs have been developed to transfer biological optimization mechanisms to mechanical and structural engineering design tasks.
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Mattheck et al. (1996) studied this question.
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