Shear wave elastography reveals passive and active mechanics of triceps surae muscles in vivo: from shear modulus-ankle angle to stress-strain characteristics

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This study assessed the length- and activation-dependent shear moduli of the triceps surae muscles using shear wave elastography. By combining joint moment, muscle fascicle geometry, and electromyography data, we characterize the muscles' in vivo passive and active mechanical behaviors. Our results indicate that the muscles operate at shorter-than-optimal to optimal lengths with soleus force production being least impacted by joint position. We observed muscle-specific shear modulus characteristics, providing insights into stress-strain behavior and force-sharing strategies.