The palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of indole-3-carboxylic acids with alkynes effectively proceeds in a 1:2 manner accompanied by decarboxylation to produce the corresponding 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted carbazoles, some of which exhibit solid-state fluorescence. Pyrrole-, benzofuran-, and furancarboxylic acids also undergo the decarboxylative coupling to afford highly substituted indole, dibenzofuran, and benzofuran derivatives, respectively.
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Yamashita et al. (2009) studied this question.
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