A way is proposed of improving the time to first fix (TTFF) in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning by combining pseudo-range and Doppler positioning with external altitude information. This way the position of a stationary receiver can be resolved using two satellites only. Test results obtained using authentic satellite data demonstrate that the method is sensitive to Doppler measurement errors but can improve the TTFF significantly if the sky view is constrained as, e.g., in urban canyons.
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Kirkko-Jaakkola et al. (2012) studied this question.
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