Considers principles and problems underlying the selection of criteria and models for an analysis of cultural variations and changes among the two particular groups residing in the Kachin hills area of Northeast Burma. Describes ecological and ethnographical background of Kachin society, noting agriculture, rice production, shifting cultivation, and linguistic features of the Shan and Kachin population and their subdivisions and distribution. Analyzes relationship between the actual and ideal Kachin behavior in terms of political domain, family, kinship and leadership systems, economic status, and religious beliefs. Points out similarities and differences in the structural and functional aspects of the social systems existing in the Shan, Kachin "gumlao" and "gumsa" communities. Recounts historical evidence to illustrate the changing patterns of Kachin society. Appendix contains references and related articles, including Jinghpaw kinship terminology and other items.
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Leach et al. (1964) studied this question.