Key result
Heavy smoking of machine-rolled cigarettes significantly increased the risk of incident hypertension compared with non-smoking (HR 1.50), and concurrent heavy drinking further amplified this risk.
Why the study?
The association between tobacco use and hypertension risk remains controversial, and few studies have evaluated the roles of tobacco type and dosage response.
Does tobacco smoking and its interaction with alcohol consumption increase the risk of incident hypertension in adults?
Cohort (n=5,625)
Yes
Does tobacco smoking and its interaction with alcohol consumption increase the risk of incident hypertension in adults?
Hazard Ratio: 1.5 (95% CI 1.05–2.16)
p-value: p=<0.05
Heavy machine-rolled cigarette smoking, especially when combined with heavy alcohol consumption, significantly increases the long-term risk of developing hypertension.
May support targeted smoking cessation counseling; leaves open causal confirmation in prospective trials.
Background: The association between tobacco use and hypertension risk has been extensively researched but remains controversial, and few existing studies have considered the role of tobacco type and dosage response in this association. In this context, this study aims to provide epidemiological evidence for the possible relationship between tobacco smoking and future hypertension risk, with the tobacco type and consumption dose into consideration. Methods: This study was based on 10-year follow-up data from the Guizhou Population Health Cohort conducted in southwest China. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals [95% confidence intervals (CIs)], and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to visualize the dose-response association. Results: A total of 5,625 participants (2,563 males and 3,062 females) were included in the final analysis. Heavy smokers of machine-rolled cigarettes had an elevated hypertension risk compared with non-smokers (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.05-2.16). The interaction effects of heavy smoking-heavy drinking patterns increased the future hypertension risk, with an adjusted HR of 2.58 (95% CI: 1.06-6.33). Conclusion: This study did not find a significant association between overall tobacco use status and the risk of hypertension. However, heavy machine-rolled cigarette smokers had a statistically significant increased risk of hypertension compared with non-smokers, and a J-shape association has been found between the average daily consumption of machine-rolled cigarettes and the risk of hypertension. Besides, tobacco and alcohol consumption jointly increased the long-term hypertension risk.
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Gao et al. (2023) conducted a cohort in Hypertension (n=5,625). Heavy smoking of machine-rolled cigarettes vs. Non-smokers was evaluated on Incident hypertension (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.16, p=<0.05). Heavy smoking of machine-rolled cigarettes significantly increased the risk of incident hypertension compared with non-smoking (HR 1.50), and concurrent heavy drinking further amplified this risk.
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