Rare earth oxide nanocrystals induce autophagy in HeLa cells. The autophagic responses of HeLa cells caused by four kinds of rare earth oxide nanoparticle (R2O3, R = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb) are studied. The results reveal that the autophagic response is dose dependent and time dependent and the autophagy-inducing activity is a general biological effect for the lanthanoid (see Figure).
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Yu et al. (2009) studied this question.
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