Dexmedetomidine combined with propofol attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the AMPK signaling pathway

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The combination of Dex and PPF attenuates MI/R injury in rats. (A) Detection of histopathological injury using HE and Masson staining. Scale bar = 20 μm; magnification：40 × . (B) Detection of the myocardial infarction size using TTC staining. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 between each group. Dex, dexmedetomidine; PPF, propofol; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; HE, hematoxylin-eosin; TTC, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride.

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  Fig. 2. The combination of Dex and PPF alleviates cardiac dysfunction in MI/R rats. Echocardiographic images (A) and evaluation of cardiac function indicators (B), LVEF, LVFS, LVESV, and LVESD. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 between each group. Dex, dexmedetomidine; PPF, propofol; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS, left ventricular fractional shortening; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter.

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  Fig. 3. The combination of Dex and PPF inhibits OS and myocardial apoptosis in MI/R rats. (A and B) The levels of AST, CK-MB, cTnl, LDH, MDA, ROS, and SOD using ELISA. (C) Detection of the number of myocardial cell apoptosis using TUNEL staining. Scale bar = 20 μm; magnification：40 × . Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 between each group. Dex, dexmedetomidine; PPF, propofol; OS, oxidative stress; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling.

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  Fig. 4. The combination of Dex and PPF promotes autophagy in MI/R rats probably by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. (A) Observation of showed the state of autophagy through TEM. Scale bar = 20 μm; magnification：2500 × . (B) Detection of LC3 fluorescence intensity using immunofluorescence. Scale bar = 20 μm; magnification：40 × . (C) Detection of expression of Beclin-1, p62, LC3II/LC3I, p-AMPK/AMPK using Western blotting. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 between each group. Dex, dexmedetomidine; PPF, propofol; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; TEM, transmission electron microscope.

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  Fig. 5. The schematic diagram of the therapeutical effects of Dex combined with PPF against MI/R injury by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. Dex, dexmedetomidine; PPF, propofol; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; OS, oxidative stress.