Production of Staphylococcal Complement Inhibitor (SCIN) and Other Immune Modulators during the Early Stages of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation in a Mammalian Cell Culture Medium

Immune modulators are known to be produced by matured biofilms and during different stages of planktonic growth of Staphylococcus aureus . Little is known about immune modulator production during the early stages of biofilm formation, thus raising the following question: how does S. aureus protect itself from the innate immune responses at these stages? Therefore, we determined the production of the following immune modulators: chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococci (CHIPS); staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN); formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitor; gamma-hemolysin component B; leukocidins D, E, and S; staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 1, 3, 5, and 9; and staphylococcal enterotoxin A.