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Optical waveguides produced in LiNbO3 by immersing the x-cut plates into molten AgNO3 are reported. An increase in the extraordinary refractive index of LiNbO3 at the surface of the plate due to silver exchange is estimated to be 0.12. In such a waveguide, optical losses of 6 dB/cm were measured for the highest-order mode; losses were higher for the lower-order modes.
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Manhar L. Shah (1975) studied this question.
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