A new phase-tuning method for an optical directional coupler fabricated in a c-plate LiNbO3 by TiO2 diffusion is presented. The method consists of applying a bias voltage to an additional electrode set closely outside the modulation electrodes. The propagation constants of the two waveguides could be made equal by a bias voltage of 5 V. The modulation voltage of 8 V was unaffected by the bias voltage.
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Mikami et al. (1976) studied this question.
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