Weight loss independent changes in adipose tissue macrophage and T cell populations after sleeve gastrectomy in mice

Figure 1. Body weight. Body weight trajectory throughout the study. Control mice maintained on control diet throughout the experiment (black circles), HFS group (white squares), pair-fed mice (white rhombus), and VSG group (white triangles). All mice had ad libitum access to food throughout the study except the HF pair-fed group. After surgery, these mice were fed the amount of food ingested by the VSG group. Arrow at the x-axis indicates surgery day. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared to chow control group; †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 as compared to HF sham (Tukey post-hoc tests upon one-way ANOVA). Data are mean ± SEM.

Figure 2. Scatter plots for identified immune populations. Scatter plots including gating strategy for all identified immune cell sub populations within a representative eWAT sample from the HFS group. A) Leukocytes were identified as CD45+ positive cells of the stromal vascular fraction of cells present in adipose tissue. B) ATMs were gated off the CD45+ leukocytes and identified as being CD64+. Dendritic cells were gated off the CD45+ leukocytes and identified as being CD64−/CD11c+. C) ATMs were further identified as being CD11c− or CD11c+. D) T cells were gated off the CD45+ leukocyte population and identified as CD3+. E) T-cells subpopulation were gated off the CD3+ T-cell population and identified as CD8+, CD4+, or double negative (CD4−/CD8−).

Figure 3. ATMs. CD11c+ and CD11c− ATMs in eWAT and iWAT, respectively. A) Percentage of all ATMs that are CD11c+ and CD11c−, respectively. B) Number of ATMs per g tissue that are CD11c+ and CD11c−, respectively. C) Number of ATMs in whole depot that are CD11c+ and CD11c−, respectively. Symbols over the bars represent significant differences between the total ATM populations. Significant differences between CD11c+ ATMs or CD11c− ATMs, respectively, are given in the table to the right of the graphs. ***p < 0.001 for control group versus HFS (effect of high fat diet); †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01 for HFS compared to pair-fed group (effect of weight loss); ‡‡p < 0.01 for pair-fed as compared to VSG group (weight independent effect of VSG). Tukey post-hoc tests following a one-way ANOVA. Data are mean ± SEM. N.S. is non significance between groups.

Figure 4. T cells. T cell populations within eWAT and iWAT, respectively. T cells are either CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells or double negative T cells. Statistical significance of differences between groups are given by symbols on top of the bars for the total height of the bar or by symbols in the table to the right for the individual T cell populations. A) Stacked bars representing the percentage contribution of each T cell type within the entire T cell population. B) Stacked bars representing the individual T cell populations as millions per g tissue. C) Stacked bars representing the individual T cell populations as millions per whole depot. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 for control diet versus HFS group (effect of high fat diet); †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 for HFS compared to the pair-fed group (effect of weight loss); ‡p < 0.05, ‡‡p < 0.01, ‡‡‡p < 0.001 for pair-fed as compared to VSG group (weight independent effect of VSG). Tukey post-hoc tests upon one-way ANOVA. Error bars are SEM. N.S. is non significance between groups.

Figure 5. ATDCs. ATDC frequencies within eWAT and iWAT, respectively. A) Percent of entire immune cell population consisting of ATDC. B) Number of ATDCs given as millions per g tissue. C) Number of ATDCs given as millions per whole depot. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 for control diet fed versus HFS group (effect of high fat diet); ‡‡p < 0.01, ‡‡‡p < 0.001 for pair-fed as compared to VSG group (weight independent effect of VSG). Tukey post-hoc tests upon one-way ANOVA. Error bars are SEM. N.S. is non significance between groups.

Figure 6. Total leukocyte numbers within eWAT and iWAT. Total number of leukocytes identified as being either ATMs, T-cells or ATDCs in eWAT (A) and iWAT (B), respectively.