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A low-loss polarization-independent and wavelength-insensitive mode converter is demonstrated for coupling between standard single-mode fiber (SMF) and 1.5-μm-thick silicon waveguides. This mode converter consists of a double-stage taper fabricated using planar processing. Optical testing results show facet loss of approximately$-$1.5 dB/facet, for TE and TM polarizations across a wide wavelength range.
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Barkai et al. (2008) studied this question.
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