Assessing the Tax Benefits of Hybrid Arrangements — Evidence From the Luxembourg Leaks

Using the Luxembourg Leaks database, we study how multinational firms avoid taxes via hybrid arrangements and assess their corresponding tax benefits. Confidential tax rulings included in this database enable us to deduce and classify the tax arrangements that 123 firms implemented by means of conduit entities in Luxembourg. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology, we show that hybrid arrangements are related to substantial and continuous effective tax rate reductions. These results hold under several robustness checks. Overall, our paper is one of the first to provide empirical support for the considerable benefits of hybrid arrangements outlined in prior theoretical research.