How to tailor non-ribosomal peptide products—new clues about the structures and mechanisms of modifying enzymes

Non-ribosomal peptide products often contain modified building blocks or post-assembly line alterations of their peptide scaffolds with some of them being crucial for biological activity. These reactions such as halogenation, hydroxylation or glycosylation are mostly catalyzed by individual enzymes associated with the respective biosynthesis cluster. The versatile nature of these chemical modifications gives rise to a high degree of structural and functional diversity. Recent progress in this area enhances our insight about the mechanisms of these enzymes. Biotechnological applications might include the synthesis of novel, non-ribosomal peptide products or modified amino acid building blocks for pharmaceutical research.