The piezoelectric constant of LiNbO3 crystal, d33, which has been controversial, is measured with an optical fibre sensor using homodyne interferometry. The minimum detected displacement of the LiNbO3 crystal is well under 0.3 Å and with this, d33 is determined as 0.7 × 10−11 m/V.
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Okamura et al. (1989) studied this question.
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