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An electro-optic directional coupler has been integrated on the same GaAs chip with a proton-implanted detector located in one of the output rib waveguide channels. The association of this monolithic device with an external electrical amplifier has allowed optical bistable operation to be demonstrated at 1.06 μm. With an amplifier gain equal to unity, the bistable device switches in about 1 μs, the optical switching energy being less than 1 nJ.
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Carenco et al. (1980) studied this question.
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