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This tutorial reviews the recent research on fiber-based phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs), and describes how they can be used in transmission systems. We describe the fundamentals of parametric amplifiers, their history, and their basic properties. Special emphasis is given to the noise properties and their implementation in transmission systems. The copier-PSA setup is described and compared to phase-insensitive links, and we describe the challenges in implementing these systems. Finally, we describe the polarization properties of vector PSAs, and the PSA use in compensation of nonlinear distortions.
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Magnus Karlsson (2015) studied this question.
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