The renin–angiotensin system: peptides and enzymes beyond angiotensin II

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although current pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular disease focuses on the inhibition of angiotensin II production and action, several other biologically active peptides are produced by the renin-angiotensin system. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent biochemical and physiological studies have shown that non-angiotensin II peptides, including angiotensins III, IV and 1-7, modulate blood pressure or cardiac function through novel mechanisms. Animal models support the notion that these peptides are physiologically important. SUMMARY: Although the role of these peptides has not yet resulted in the development of new therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, they hold promise for identification of complimentary targets.