The Hamiltonian structure of guiding center bounce motion is analyzed by means of the differential of the mechanical action, p · d q − h d t . A set of canonical variables is constructed for the bounce averaged drift equations and the corresponding Hamiltonian is derived. The first correction term J 1 to the bounce invariant is calculated, including the effects of electric fields and time dependence.
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Robert G. Littlejohn (1982) studied this question.
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