Neoclassical Radial Current Balance in Tokamaks and Transition to theHMode

Monte Carlo ion simulation based on neoclassical radial current balance in a divertor tokamak gives a stationary sheared →E×→B flow. The neoclassical radial electric field Eᵣ shows no bifurcation in contrast with earlier orbit loss models, but the shear in Eᵣ reaches values at which a transition to enhanced confinement has been observed. Also, MHD turbulence analysis shows that a smooth transition can occur through the neoclassical →E×→B flow shear suppression. The parameter scaling of threshold temperature for strong turbulence shear suppression agrees with the H-mode threshold scaling in ASDEX Upgrade.