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First-principles total energy calculations were performed for clean and In-rich ZnO(0001) surfaces. The calculations indicate that Zn adlayers themselves are not energetically favorable, but that In can form a stable adlayer in Zn-rich conditions. This result opens the possibility that In may serve as a surfactant for the growth of ZnO.
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Northrup et al. (2005) studied this question.
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