We demonstrate benefits, drawbacks and potential for application of use of the TOPEX/Poseidon simultaneous active (backscatter coefficient at 13 GHz) and passive (brightness temperature at 18 and 37 GHz) microwave measurements together with SMMR and SSM/I passive microwave data to estimate sea, lake and river ice extent and timing. We present results of studies for the Caspian and Aral seas, Baikal lake and Ob ' river watershed. This synergetic approach for combination of active (radar altimeter) and passive (radiometers) microwave data may be successfully used for new satellite missions, such as Jason-1 and ENVISAT. 1. INTODUCTION Studies of continental sea, lake and river ice require continuous weather-independent observations, covering
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Kouraev et al. (2005) studied this question.
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