Multilayer evaporation of MAFAPbI 3− x Cl x for the fabrication of efficient and large-scale device perovskite solar cells

FAPbI 3 perovskites are excellent candidates for fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high efficiency and stability. However, these perovskites exhibit phase instability problem at room temperature. In this work, to address this challenge we use methylammonium chloride (MACl) as an additive and employed a layer-by-layer thermal evaporation technique to fabricate high-quality perovskite films on a large scale of 25 cm 2 . The optimized perovskite films show high crystallinity with large grains in the µ m-range and reveals phase stability due to the presence of MACl after the annealing process. Finally, we achieved PSCs with 17.7% and 15.9% for active areas of 0.1 cm 2 and 0.8 cm 2 , respectively.