EDITOR—Wailoo et al highlight a fundamental challenge that the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) faces on a daily basis.1 The government established NICE not only to advise the NHS on the quality of care that individual patients could expect (in terms of appropriateness and effectiveness) but also to address the other important dimensions of healthcare quality (equity, fairness, and efficiency) that society expects. We agree that being required to address both …
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Littlejohns et al. (2004) studied this question.