The study of near-infrared emission has shown that singlet oxygen (1O2) is generated via superoxide by the photocatalytic reaction of titanium dioxide (TiO2) dispersed in solvents. The 1O2 was deactivated on the TiO2 surface and could not oxidize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which has no affinity to the TiO2 surface. The generation of photocatalytic 1O2 was enhanced in the phospholipid membrane, and a water soluble protein acted as an effective scavenger of the generated 1O2. These findings suggest that 1O2 generated by TiO2 contributes to the phototoxic effect through the oxidation of the membrane protein.
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Hirakawa et al. (2006) studied this question.
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