Research advances of Li-S batteries under varied working conditions

With the theoretical energy density of up to 2600 Wh kg -1 , lithium-sulfur batteries are regarded as a highly attractive candidate for next-generation energy storage technologies. In recent years, the influence of environmental conditions on their performance has emerged as a key research focus. This work systematically explores the mechanisms through which environmental variables affect the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. The article begins with a concise overview of the battery’s operating principles, the origin of the shuttle effect, and the associated kinetic challenges. Building on fundamental electrochemistry and practical device design considerations, a detailed analysis is then provided of how these environmental factors impact the sulfur cathode, the lithium anode, and the overall cell. Finally, the review highlights current challenges and emerging opportunities in managing the operational environment of lithium-sulfur batteries, with the aim of guiding future research and inspiring innovative approaches.