Molecular anchoring to oxide surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum and in aqueous electrolytes: phosphonic acids on atomically-defined cobalt oxide

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In this work, we investigated the interaction of phenylphosphonic acid (PPA, C ₆ H ₅ PO ₃ H ₂ ) with atomically-defined Co ₃ O ₄ (111) thin films, grown on Ir(100), under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions and in the electrochemical environment.