Small-area (≲1 μm2) oxide-barrier tunnel junctions have been made of thermally cyclable superconducting Pb alloys for use as high-frequency mixers. A single-sideband mixer noise temperature of <100 K has been achieved at 115 GHz. This result was achieved in the quasiparticle (classical) mixing mode.
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Dolan et al. (1979) studied this question.
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