This article reports on recent developments in five countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The material is drawn from documentary sources and interviews in all of the countries except Australia.3 After describing each country's approach, the article analyzes common themes and differences. The order in which country descriptions appear has been dictated by affinities in their approaches. The two Scandinavian countries comprise one group, the three Commonwealth countries another. In the latter, British activities are recounted first because they have strongly influenced Australian and Canadian innovations.
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Allen Schick (1990) studied this question.